# �s�@�b�����ҮɡA�ѩ󦳤��ӱb���A�]�������ϥ� script �ӫإ����ҡI
[root@www ~]# vi addaccount.sh
#!/bin/bash
# �ϥ� script �ӫإ߹��� quota �һݪ�����
groupadd myquotagrp
for username in myquota1 myquota2 myquota3 myquota4 myquota5
do
	useradd -g myquotagrp $username
	echo "password" | passwd --stdin $username
done

[root@www ~]# sh addaccount.sh

[root@www ~]# df -h /home
Filesystem     Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda3      4.8G  740M  3.8G  17% /home  <==�����D���� /home �T��O�W�ߪ��I

[root@www ~]# mount | grep home
/dev/hda3 on /home type ext3 (rw)

[root@www ~]# mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /home
[root@www ~]# mount | grep home
/dev/hda3 on /home type ext3 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)
# ���I�N�b�� usrquota, grpquota �I�`�N�g�k�I

[root@www ~]# vi /etc/fstab
LABEL=/home   /home  ext3   defaults,usrquota,grpquota  1 2
# ��L���س����èS���C�X�ӡI���I�b��ĥ|���I�� default �᭱�[�W��ӰѼơI

[root@www ~]# umount /home
[root@www ~]# mount -a
[root@www ~]# mount | grep home
/dev/hda3 on /home type ext3 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)

[root@www ~]# quotacheck [-avugfM] [/mount_point]
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
-a  �G���˩Ҧ��b /etc/mtab ���A�t�� quota �䴩�� filesystem�A�[�W���Ѽƫ�A 
      /mount_point �i�����g�A�]�����˩Ҧ��� filesystem �F���I
-u  �G�w��ϥΪ̱����ɮ׻P�ؿ����ϥα��p�A�|�إ� aquota.user
-g  �G�w��s�ձ����ɮ׻P�ؿ����ϥα��p�A�|�إ� aquota.group
-v  �G��ܱ��˹L�{����T�F
-f  �G�j����ɮרt�ΡA�üg�J�s�� quota �]�w�� (�M�I)
-M  �G�j��HŪ�g���覡�����ɮרt�ΡA�u���b�S�����p�U�~�|�ϥΡC

# �w���Өt�Χt�� usrquota, grpquota �Ѽƪ��ɮרt�ζi�� quotacheck ����
[root@www ~]# quotacheck -avug
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/hda3 [/home] quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota
file: No such file or directory <==������ɮרt�ΡA���|���s�@�O���ɡI
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
done  <==�W���T�ӿ��~�u�O�����O���ɩ|���إߦӤw�A�i�H�������z�I
quotacheck: Checked 130 directories and 107 files <==��ڷj�M���G
quotacheck: Old file not found.
quotacheck: Old file not found.
# �Y����o�ӫ��O�o�X�{�p�U�����~�T���A���ܧA�S�������ɮרt�Φ��Ұ� quota �䴩�I
# quotacheck: Can't find filesystem to check or filesystem not mounted with 
# quota option.

[root@www ~]# ll -d /home/a*
-rw------- 1 root root 8192 Mar  6 11:58 /home/aquota.group
-rw------- 1 root root 9216 Mar  6 11:58 /home/aquota.user
# �b�������רҤ��A/home �W�ߪ��ɮרt�ΡA�]���j�M���G�|�N��ӰO���ɩ�b 
# /home ���U�C�o����ɮ״N�O Quota �̭��n����T�F�I

# �p�G�]���S���ݨD�ݭn�j��ˤw�������ɮרt�ή�
[root@www ~]# quotacheck -avug -mf
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/hda3 [/home] done
quotacheck: Checked 130 directories and 109 files
# ��ƭn²��ܦh�I�]�����O���ɦs�b���I�ҥHĵ�i�T�����|�X�{�I

[root@www ~]# quotaon [-avug]
[root@www ~]# quotaon [-vug] [/mount_point]
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
-u  �G�w��ϥΪ̱Ұ� quota (aquota.user)
-g  �G�w��s�ձҰ� quota (aquota.group)
-v  �G��ܱҰʹL�{�������T���F
-a  �G�ھ� /etc/mtab ���� filesystem �]�w�Ұʦ����� quota �A�Y���[ -a ���ܡA
      �h�᭱�N�ݭn�[�W�S�w������ filesystem ��I

# �ѩ�ڭ̭n�Ұ� user/group �� quota �A�ҥH�ϥΩ��U���y�k�Y�i
[root@www ~]# quotaon -auvg
/dev/hda3 [/home]: group quotas turned on
/dev/hda3 [/home]: user quotas turned on

# �S���Ϊk�A���p�A���Ұ� /var �� quota �䴩�A����ȱҰ� user quota ��
[root@www ~]# quotaon -uv /var

[root@www ~]# quotaoff [-a]
[root@www ~]# quotaoff [-ug] [/mount_point]
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
-a  �G������ filesystem �� quota ������ (�ھ� /etc/mtab)
-u  �G�Ȱw��᭱�������� /mount_point ���� user quota
-g  �G�Ȱw��᭱�������� /mount_point ���� group quota

[root@www ~]# edquota [-u username] [-g groupname]
[root@www ~]# edquota -t  <==�ק�e���ɶ�
[root@www ~]# edquota -p �d���b�� -u �s�b��
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
-u  �G�᭱���b���W�١C�i�H�i�J quota ���s��e�� (vi) �h�]�w username ������ȡF
-g  �G�᭱���s�զW�١C�i�H�i�J quota ���s��e�� (vi) �h�]�w groupname ������ȡF
-t  �G�i�H�ק�e���ɶ��C
-p  �G�ƻs�d���C���� �d���b�� ���w�g�s�b�åB�w�]�w�n quota ���ϥΪ̡A
      �N�q���y�N �d���b�� �o�ӤH�� quota ����Ƚƻs�� �s�b�� �z�I

�d�Ҥ@�G�]�w dmtsai �o�ӨϥΪ̪� quota �����
[root@www ~]# edquota -u myquota1
Disk quotas for user myquota1 (uid 710):
  Filesystem    blocks  soft   hard  inodes  soft  hard
  /dev/hda3         80     0      0      10     0     0

Disk quotas for user myquota1 (uid 710):
  Filesystem    blocks    soft    hard  inodes  soft  hard
  /dev/hda3         80  250000  300000      10     0     0
# �����ϥ� 1000 �h��� 1024 �����ơI����n��աI�M��N�i�H�x�s�����}�o�I

# �N myquota1 ������Ƚƻs����L�|�ӱb��
[root@www ~]# edquota -p myquota1 -u myquota2
[root@www ~]# edquota -p myquota1 -u myquota3
[root@www ~]# edquota -p myquota1 -u myquota4
[root@www ~]# edquota -p myquota1 -u myquota5

[root@www ~]# edquota -g myquotagrp
Disk quotas for group myquotagrp (gid 713):
  Filesystem    blocks    soft     hard  inodes  soft  hard
  /dev/hda3        400  900000  1000000      50     0     0
# �O�o�A��쬰 KB ��I

# �e���ɶ��쥻�� 7 �ѡA�N�L�令 14 �ѧa�I
[root@www ~]# edquota -t
Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
  Filesystem         Block grace period     Inode grace period
  /dev/hda3                14days                  7days
# �쥻�O 7days �A�ڭ̱N�L���אּ 14days ��I

[root@www ~]# quota [-uvs] [username]
[root@www ~]# quota [-gvs] [groupname]
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
-u  �G�᭱�i�H�� username �A������ܥX�ӨϥΪ̪� quota ����ȡC�Y���� username 
      �A������ܥX����̪� quota ����ȡC
-g  �G�᭱�i�� groupname �A������ܥX�Ӹs�ժ� quota ����ȡC
-v  �G��ܨC�ӥΤ�b filesystem �� quota �ȡF
-s  �G�ϥ� 1024 �����ƨӫ��w���A�|��ܦp M ���������I

# �����ϥ� quota �h��ܥX myquota1 �P myquota2 �����B
[root@www ~]# quota -uvs myquota1 myquota2
Disk quotas for user myquota1 (uid 710):
   Filesystem  blocks  quota  limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace
    /dev/hda3      80   245M   293M              10       0       0
Disk quotas for user myquota2 (uid 711):
   Filesystem  blocks  quota  limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace
    /dev/hda3      80   245M   293M              10       0       0
# �o�ӫ��O��ܥX�Ӫ���Ƹ� edquota �X�G�O�@�Ҥ@�˪��I�u�O�h�F�� grace ���ءC
# �A�|�o�{ grace ���U�S�������ơA�o�O�]���ڭ̪��ϥζq (80) �|���W�L soft

# ��ܥX myquotagrp ���s�խ��B
[root@www ~]# quota -gvs myquotagrp
Disk quotas for group myquotagrp (gid 713):
   Filesystem  blocks  quota  limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace
    /dev/hda3     400   879M   977M              50       0       0

[root@www ~]# repquota -a [-vugs]
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
-a  �G������ /etc/mtab �j�M�㦳 quota �лx�� filesystem �A�ó��i quota �����G�F
-v  �G��X����ƱN�t�� filesystem �������ӳ���T�F
-u  �G��ܥX�ϥΪ̪� quota ���� (�o�O�w�]��)�F
-g  �G��ܥX�ӧO�s�ժ� quota ���ȡC
-s  �G�ϥ� M, G �������ܵ��G

# �d�ߥ��רҤ��Ҧ��ϥΪ̪� quota ����p�G
[root@www ~]# repquota -auvs
*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/hda3    <==�w�� /dev/hda3
Block grace time: 14days; Inode grace time: 7days <==block �e���ɶ��� 14 ��
                        Block limits                File limits
User            used    soft    hard  grace    used  soft  hard  grace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
root      --    651M       0       0              5     0     0
myquota1  --      80    245M    293M             10     0     0
myquota2  --      80    245M    293M             10     0     0
myquota3  --      80    245M    293M             10     0     0
myquota4  --      80    245M    293M             10     0     0
myquota5  --      80    245M    293M             10     0     0

Statistics:  <==�o�O�ҿת��t�ά�����T�A�� -v �~�|���
Total blocks: 9
Data blocks: 2
Entries: 22
Used average: 11.000000

# ���դ@�G�Q�� myquota1 �������A�ظm�@�� 270MB ���j�ɮסA���[�� quota ���G�I
[myquota1@www ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile bs=1M count=270
hda3: warning, user block quota exceeded.
270+0 records in
270+0 records out
283115520 bytes (283 MB) copied, 3.20282 seconds, 88.4 MB/s
# �`�N�ݡA�ڬO�ϥ� myquota1 ���b���h�i�� dd ���O����I���n�c�d�ڡI
# �M��A�i�H�o�{�X�{�@�� warning ���T����I���U�Ӭݬݳ����C

[root@www ~]# repquota -auv 
*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/hda3
Block grace time: 14days; Inode grace time: 7days
                        Block limits                File limits
User            used    soft    hard  grace    used  soft  hard  grace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
myquota1  +-  276840  250000  300000 13days      11     0     0
# �o�ӫ��O�h�O�Q�� root �h�d�\���I
# �A�i�H�o�{ myquota1 �� grace �X�{�I�åB�}�l�˼ƤF�I

# ���դG�G�A�إߥt�~�@�Ӥj�ɮסA���`�e�q�W�L 300M �I
[myquota1@www ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile2 bs=1M count=300
hda3: write failed, user block limit reached.
dd: writing `bigfile2': Disk quota exceeded <==�ݡI���~�T�����@�ˤF�I
23+0 records in  <==�S��k�g�J�F�I�ҥH�u�O�� 23 ��
22+0 records out
23683072 bytes (24 MB) copied, 0.260081 seconds, 91.1 MB/s

[myquota1@www ~]$ du -sk
300000  .  <==�G�M�O�췥���F�I

[root@www ~]# repquota -au
*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/hda3
Block grace time: 00:01; Inode grace time: 7days
                        Block limits                File limits
User            used    soft    hard  grace    used  soft  hard  grace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
myquota1  +-  300000  250000  300000   none      11     0     0
# �˼ƾ���k�s�A�ҥH grace �������N�|�ܦ� none �աI���~��˼�

[root@www ~]# warnquota
# �������|�X�{����T���I�S���T���N�O�y�n�T���z�I ^_^

[root@www ~]# mail
 N329 root@www.vbird.tsai   Fri Mar  6 16:10  27/1007  "NOTE: ....
& 329   <==�]���s�H��b�� 329 �ʤ��G
From root@www.vbird.tsai  Fri Mar  6 16:10:18 2009
Date: Fri, 6 Mar 2009 16:10:17 +0800
From: root <root@www.vbird.tsai>
Reply-To: root@myhost.com
Subject: NOTE: You are exceeding your allocated disk space limits
To: myquota1@www.vbird.tsai
Cc: root@www.vbird.tsai   <==�`�N�o�T��A���O�O���D�B����̻P�ƥ� (CC)�C

Your disk usage has exceeded the agreed limits on this server <==���D����
Please delete any unnecessary files on following filesystems:

/dev/hda3  <==���U�o�X�欰�o�ͺϺСy�z���z����T�աI
                        Block limits               File limits
Filesystem           used    soft    hard  grace    used  soft  hard  grace
/dev/hda3      +-  300000  250000  300000 13days      12     0     0

root@localhost  <==�o�ӬOĵ�i�T���o�e�̪��yñ�W��ơz�աI

& exit  <==���} mail �{���I

[root@www ~]# vi /etc/warnquota.conf
# ����쩳�U�o�X�檺�]�w�ȡG
SUBJECT   = NOTE: You are exceeding your allocated disk space limits <==��10��
CC_TO     = "root@localhost"                                         <==��11��
MESSAGE   = Your disk usage has exceeded the agreed limits\          <==��21��
 on this server|Please delete any unnecessary files on following filesystems:|
SIGNATURE = root@localhost                                           <==��25��

# �i�H�N�L�令�p�U���Ҽ˰ڡI
SUBJECT   = �`�N�G�A�b���t�ΤW�֦����ɮ׮e�q�w�g�W�L�̤j�e�\���B
CC_TO     = "root@localhost"  <==���D�A�n�H����L�H�A�_�h�o�Ӷ��إi�H����
MESSAGE   = �A���ϺЮe�q�w�g�W�L�������e�\���B�A|\
  �Цb�p�U���ɮרt�Τ��A�R�������n���ɮסG|
SIGNATURE = �A���t�κ޲z�� (root@localhost)
# �b MESSAGE ���� | �N���_�檺�N��A�ϱ׽u�h�N���s���U�@��F

Subject: �`�N�G�A�b���t�ΤW�֦����ɮ׮e�q�w�g�W�L�̤j�e�\���B
To: myquota1@www.vbird.tsai
Cc: root@www.vbird.tsai

�A���ϺЮe�q�w�g�W�L�������e�\���B�A
  �Цb�p�U���ɮרt�Τ��A�R�������n���ɮסG

/dev/hda3

Filesystem           used    soft    hard  grace    used  soft  hard  grace
/dev/hda3      +-  300000  250000  300000   none      11     0     0

�A���t�κ޲z�� (root@localhost)

[root@www ~]# vi /etc/cron.daily/warnquota
/usr/sbin/warnquota
# �A�S���ݿ��I�u�n�o�@��A�B�N�����ɥH������|���覡�g�J�Y�i�I

[root@www ~]# chmod 755 /etc/cron.daily/warnquota

[root@www ~]# setquota [-u|-g] �W�� block(soft) block(hard) \
>  inode(soft) inode(hard) �ɮרt��

# �[���l�� myquota5 ���ȡA�õ��� soft/hard ���O�� 100000/200000
[root@www ~]# quota -uv myquota5
Disk quotas for user myquota5 (uid 714): 
   Filesystem blocks  quota  limit  grace files  quota  limit  grace
    /dev/hda3     80 250000 300000           10      0      0

[root@www ~]# setquota -u myquota5 100000 200000 0 0 /home

[root@www ~]# quota -uv myquota5
Disk quotas for user myquota5 (uid 714): 
   Filesystem blocks  quota  limit  grace files  quota  limit  grace
    /dev/hda3     80 100000 200000           10      0      0
# �ݧa�I�u�������ܹL�ӡI�o�N�O quota ��²��}���]�w�y�k�I

[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
[root@www ~]# mdadm --create --auto=yes /dev/md[0-9] --raid-devices=N \
> --level=[015] --spare-devices=N /dev/sdx /dev/hdx...
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
--create �G���إ� RAID ���ﶵ�F
--auto=yes �G�M�w�إ߫᭱�����n��Ϻа}�C�˸m�A��Y /dev/md0, /dev/md1...
--raid-devices=N �G�ϥδX�ӺϺ� (partition) �@���Ϻа}�C���˸m
--spare-devices=N �G�ϥδX�ӺϺЧ@���ƥ� (spare) �˸m
--level=[015] �G�]�w�o�պϺа}�C�����šC�䴩�ܦh�A���L��ij�u�n�� 0, 1, 5 �Y�i
--detail �G�᭱�ұ������ӺϺа}�C�˸m���ԲӸ�T

[root@www ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/hda: 41.1 GB, 41174138880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5005 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *           1          13      104391   83  Linux
/dev/hda2              14        1288    10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/hda3            1289        1925     5116702+  83  Linux
/dev/hda4            1926        5005    24740100    5  Extended
/dev/hda5            1926        2052     1020096   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda6            2053        2302     2008093+  83  Linux
/dev/hda7            2303        2334      257008+  82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda8            2335        2353      152586   83  Linux
/dev/hda9            2354        2366      104391   83  Linux

[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2              9920624   3858800   5549756  42% /
/dev/hda1               101086     21408     74459  23% /boot
tmpfs                   371332         0    371332   0% /dev/shm
/dev/hda3              4956316   1056996   3643488  23% /home
# �q�W���i�H�o�{�A�ڪ� /dev/hda6~/dev/hda9 �S���Ψ�I�N�L�R���ݬݡI

[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hda
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-9): 9

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-8): 8

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-7): 7

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6): 6

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/hda: 41.1 GB, 41174138880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5005 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *           1          13      104391   83  Linux
/dev/hda2              14        1288    10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/hda3            1289        1925     5116702+  83  Linux
/dev/hda4            1926        5005    24740100    5  Extended
/dev/hda5            1926        2052     1020096   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): w

[root@www ~]# partprobe
# �o�Ӱʧ@�ܭ��n�I�ٰO�o�a�I�N�֤ߪ� partition table ��s�I

[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hda
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (2053-5005, default 2053): <==�������U [enter]
Using default value 2053
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (2053-5005, default 5005): +1000M
# �W�z���ʧ@�Ч@�����I

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/hda: 41.1 GB, 41174138880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5005 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *           1          13      104391   83  Linux
/dev/hda2              14        1288    10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/hda3            1289        1925     5116702+  83  Linux
/dev/hda4            1926        5005    24740100    5  Extended
/dev/hda5            1926        2052     1020096   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda6            2053        2175      987966   83  Linux
/dev/hda7            2176        2298      987966   83  Linux
/dev/hda8            2299        2421      987966   83  Linux
/dev/hda9            2422        2544      987966   83  Linux
/dev/hda10           2545        2667      987966   83  Linux
# �W���� 6~10 ���A�N�O�ڭ̻ݭn�� partition �o�I

Command (m for help): w

[root@www ~]# partprobe

[root@www ~]# mdadm --create --auto=yes /dev/md0 --level=5 \
> --raid-devices=4 --spare-devices=1 /dev/hda{6,7,8,9,10}
# �ԲӪ��Ѽƻ����Ц^�h�e���ݬ��o�I�o�̧ڳz�L {} �N���ƪ�����²�ơI

[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:                                        <==RAID �˸m�ɦW
        Version : 00.90.03
  Creation Time : Tue Mar 10 17:47:51 2009       <==RAID �Q�إߪ��ɶ�
     Raid Level : raid5                          <==RAID ���Ŭ� RAID 5
     Array Size : 2963520 (2.83 GiB 3.03 GB)     <==�� RAID ���i�κϺЮe�q
  Used Dev Size : 987840 (964.85 MiB 1011.55 MB) <==�C�Ӹ˸m���i�ήe�q
   Raid Devices : 4                              <==�Χ@ RAID ���˸m�ƶq
  Total Devices : 5                              <==�������˸m�ƶq
Preferred Minor : 0
    Persistence : Superblock is persistent

    Update Time : Tue Mar 10 17:52:23 2009
          State : clean
 Active Devices : 4                              <==�Ұʪ�(active)�˸m�ƶq
Working Devices : 5                              <==�i�ʧ@���˸m�ƶq
 Failed Devices : 0                              <==�X�{���~���˸m�ƶq
  Spare Devices : 1                              <==�w�ƺϺЪ��ƶq

         Layout : left-symmetric
     Chunk Size : 64K      <==�N�O��2.1.4�����p�϶�

           UUID : 7c60c049:57d60814:bd9a77f1:57e49c5b <==���˸m(RAID)�ѧO�X
         Events : 0.2

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       3        6        0      active sync   /dev/hda6
       1       3        7        1      active sync   /dev/hda7
       2       3        8        2      active sync   /dev/hda8
       3       3        9        3      active sync   /dev/hda9

       4       3       10        -      spare   /dev/hda10
# �̫᤭��N�O�o���Ӹ˸m�ثe�����p�A�]�A�|�� active sync �@�� spare �I
# �ܩ� RaidDevice  �����h�O�� RAID �����Ϻж���

[root@www ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 hda9[3] hda10[4](S) hda8[2] hda7[1] hda6[0]    <==�Ĥ@��
      2963520 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU] <==�ĤG��

unused devices: <none>

[root@www ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/md0
# ����a�I�O /dev/md0 �����˸m�Q�榡�ƩO�I

[root@www ~]# mkdir /mnt/raid
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/md0 /mnt/raid
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2        9920624   3858820   5549736  42% /
/dev/hda1         101086     21408     74459  23% /boot
tmpfs             371332         0    371332   0% /dev/shm
/dev/hda3        4956316   1056996   3643488  23% /home
/dev/md0         2916920     69952   2698792   3% /mnt/raid
# �ݧa�I�h�F�@�� /dev/md0 ���˸m�A�ӥB�u���i�H���A�ϥΩO�I�٤���I

[root@www ~]# mdadm --manage /dev/md[0-9] [--add �˸m] [--remove �˸m] \
> [--fail �˸m] 
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
--add �G�|�N�᭱���˸m�[�J��o�� md ���I
--remove �G�|�N�᭱���˸m�ѳo�� md ������
--fail �G�|�N�᭱���˸m�]�w�����X�������A

# 0. ���ƻs�@�ǪF��� /mnt/raid �h�A���]�o�� RAID �w�g�b�ϥΤF
[root@www ~]# cp -a /etc /var/log /mnt/raid
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/raid ; du -sm /mnt/raid/*
Filesystem   1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/md0       2916920    188464   2580280   7% /mnt/raid
118     /mnt/raid/etc <==�ݧa�I�T�꦳��Ʀb�̭���I
8       /mnt/raid/log
1       /mnt/raid/lost+found

# 1. ���] /dev/hda8 �o�Ӹ˸m�X���F�I��ڼ������覡�G
[root@www ~]# mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hda8
mdadm: set /dev/hda8 faulty in /dev/md0

[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
....(�e���ٲ�)....
          State : clean, degraded, recovering
 Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 4
 Failed Devices : 1  <==�X�����ϺЦ��@�ӡI
  Spare Devices : 1
....(�����ٲ�)....
    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       3        6        0      active sync   /dev/hda6
       1       3        7        1      active sync   /dev/hda7
       4       3       10        2      spare rebuilding   /dev/hda10
       3       3        9        3      active sync   /dev/hda9

       5       3        8        -      faulty spare   /dev/hda8
# �ݨ�S�I�o���ʧ@�n�ְ��~�|�ݨ�I /dev/hda10 �ҰʤF�� /dev/hda8 �����F

[root@www ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 hda9[3] hda10[4] hda8[5](F) hda7[1] hda6[0]
      2963520 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [UU_U]
      [>.......]  recovery =  0.8% (9088/987840) finish=14.3min speed=1136K/sec

# 2. �w�g�ǥ� spare disk ���ا����� RAID 5 ���p
[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
....(�e���ٲ�)....
    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       3        6        0      active sync   /dev/hda6
       1       3        7        1      active sync   /dev/hda7
       2       3       10        2      active sync   /dev/hda10
       3       3        9        3      active sync   /dev/hda9

       4       3        8        -      faulty spare   /dev/hda8

[root@www ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 hda9[3] hda10[2] hda8[4](F) hda7[1] hda6[0]
      2963520 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]

# 3. �إ߷s�����μ�
[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hda
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (2668-5005, default 2668): <==�o�̫� [enter]
Using default value 2668
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (2668-5005, default 5005): +1000M

Command (m for help): w

[root@www ~]# partprobe
# ���ɨt�η|�h�@�� /dev/hda11 �����μѳ�I

# 4. �[�J�s���ް������D���Ϻ�
[root@www ~]# mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/hda11 --remove /dev/hda8
mdadm: added /dev/hda11
mdadm: hot removed /dev/hda8

[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
....(�e���ٲ�)....
       0       3        6        0      active sync   /dev/hda6
       1       3        7        1      active sync   /dev/hda7
       2       3       10        2      active sync   /dev/hda10
       3       3        9        3      active sync   /dev/hda9

       4       3       11        -      spare   /dev/hda11

[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0 | grep -i uuid
        UUID : 7c60c049:57d60814:bd9a77f1:57e49c5b
# �᭱���@���ơA�N�O�o�Ӹ˸m�V�t�ε��U�� UUID �ѧO�X�I

# �}�l�]�w mdadm.conf
[root@www ~]# vi /etc/mdadm.conf
ARRAY /dev/md0 UUID=7c60c049:57d60814:bd9a77f1:57e49c5b
#     RAID�˸m      �ѧO�X���e

# �}�l�]�w�}���۰ʱ����ô���
[root@www ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/md0    /mnt/raid    ext3    defaults     1 2

[root@www ~]# umount /dev/md0; mount -a
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/raid
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/md0               2916920    188464   2580280   7% /mnt/raid
# �A�o�T�w�i�H���Q�����A�åB�S���o�ͥ�����~�I

# 1. �������B�R���]�w�ɤ��P�o�� /dev/md0 �������]�w�G
[root@www ~]# umount /dev/md0
[root@www ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/md0    /mnt/raid     ext3    defaults      1 2
# �N�o�@��R�����I�Ϊ̬O���ѱ��]�i�H�I

# 2. �������� /dev/md0 ����k�I
[root@www ~]# mdadm --stop /dev/md0
mdadm: stopped /dev/md0  <==���o���I�o�˴N�����F�I

[root@www ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
unused devices: <none>  <==�ݧa�I�T�ꤣ�s�b����}�C�˸m�I

[root@www ~]# vi /etc/mdadm.conf
ARRAY /dev/md0 UUID=7c60c049:57d60814:bd9a77f1:57e49c5b
# �@�˰աI�R���L�άO���ѥL�I

[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hda  <==��L�y�{�Цۦ�ѦҲĤK���B�z
[root@www ~]# partprobe       <==�O�ѰO�o�Ӱʧ@�F�I�����n�I
[root@www ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/hda: 41.1 GB, 41174138880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5005 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *           1          13      104391   83  Linux
/dev/hda2              14        1288    10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/hda3            1289        1925     5116702+  83  Linux
/dev/hda4            1926        5005    24740100    5  Extended
/dev/hda5            1926        2052     1020096   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda6            2053        2235     1469916   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/hda7            2236        2418     1469916   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/hda8            2419        2601     1469916   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/hda9            2602        2784     1469916   8e  Linux LVM

# 1. �ˬd���L PV �b�t�ΤW�A�M��N /dev/hda6~/dev/hda9 �إߦ��� PV �榡
[root@www ~]# pvscan
  No matching physical volumes found <==�䤣����� PV �s�b��I

[root@www ~]# pvcreate /dev/hda{6,7,8,9}
  Physical volume "/dev/hda6" successfully created
  Physical volume "/dev/hda7" successfully created
  Physical volume "/dev/hda8" successfully created
  Physical volume "/dev/hda9" successfully created
# �o�ӫ��O�i�H�@�f��إ߳o�|�� partition ���� PV �աI�`�N�j�A�����γ~

[root@www ~]# pvscan
  PV /dev/hda6         lvm2 [1.40 GB]
  PV /dev/hda7         lvm2 [1.40 GB]
  PV /dev/hda8         lvm2 [1.40 GB]
  PV /dev/hda9         lvm2 [1.40 GB]
  Total: 4 [5.61 GB] / in use: 0 [0   ] / in no VG: 4 [5.61 GB]
# �o�N���O��ܨC�� PV ����T�P�t�ΩҦ� PV ����T�C�ר�̫�@��A��ܪ��O�G
# ���� PV ���q / �w�g�Q�ϥΨ� VG �� PV �q / �Ѿl�� PV �q

# 2. ��ԲӪ��C�ܥX�t�ΤW���C�� PV ���ӧO��T�G
[root@www ~]# pvdisplay
  "/dev/hda6" is a new physical volume of "1.40 GB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/hda6  <==��ڪ� partition �˸m�W��
  VG Name                          <==�]���|�����t�X�h�A�ҥH�ťաI
  PV Size               1.40 GB    <==�N�O�e�q����
  Allocatable           NO         <==�O�_�w�Q���t�A���G�O NO
  PE Size (KByte)       0          <==�b�� PV ���� PE �j�p
  Total PE              0          <==�@���ΥX�X�� PE
  Free PE               0          <==�S�Q LV ��� PE
  Allocated PE          0          <==�|�i���t�X�h�� PE �ƶq
  PV UUID               Z13Jk5-RCls-UJ8B-HzDa-Gesn-atku-rf2biN
....(���U�ٲ�)....
# �ѩ� PE �O�b�إ� VG �ɤ~�������ѼơA�]���b�o�̬ݨ쪺 PV ���Y�� PE ���|�O 0
# �ӥB�]�S���h�l�� PE �i�Ѥ��t (allocatable)�C

[root@www ~]# vgcreate [-s N[mgt]] VG�W�� PV�W��
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
-s �G�᭱�� PE ���j�p (size) �A���i�H�O m, g, t (�j�p�g���i)

# 1. �N /dev/hda6-8 �إߦ����@�� VG�A�B���w PE �� 16MB ��I
[root@www ~]# vgcreate -s 16M vbirdvg /dev/hda{6,7,8}
  Volume group "vbirdvg" successfully created

[root@www ~]# vgscan
  Reading all physical volumes.  This may take a while...
  Found volume group "vbirdvg" using metadata type lvm2
# �T��s�b�o�� vbirdvg �� VG �աI

[root@www ~]# pvscan
  PV /dev/hda6   VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 1.39 GB free]
  PV /dev/hda7   VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 1.39 GB free]
  PV /dev/hda8   VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 1.39 GB free]
  PV /dev/hda9                lvm2 [1.40 GB]
  Total: 4 [5.57 GB] / in use: 3 [4.17 GB] / in no VG: 1 [1.40 GB]
# �K�K�I�o�{�S�I���T�� PV �Q�Υh�A�ѤU�@�� /dev/hda9 �� PV �S�Q�α��I

[root@www ~]# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vbirdvg
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        3
  Metadata Sequence No  1
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                0
  Open LV               0
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                3
  Act PV                3
  VG Size               4.17 GB   <==���骺 VG �e�q���o��j
  PE Size               16.00 MB  <==�����C�� PE ���j�p
  Total PE              267       <==�`�@�� PE �ƶq�@���o��h�I
  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0
  Free  PE / Size       267 / 4.17 GB
  VG UUID               4VU5Jr-gwOq-jkga-sUPx-vWPu-PmYm-dZH9EO
# �̫ᨺ�T������N�O PE ����ϥΪ����p�I�ѩ�|�����X LV�A�]���Ҧ��� PE 
# ���i�ۥѨϥΡC

# 2. �N�Ѿl�� PV (/dev/hda9) �ᵹ vbirdvg �a�I
[root@www ~]# vgextend vbirdvg /dev/hda9
  Volume group "vbirdvg" successfully extended

[root@www ~]# vgdisplay
....(�e���ٲ�)....
  VG Size               5.56 GB
  PE Size               16.00 MB
  Total PE              356
  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0
  Free  PE / Size       356 / 5.56 GB
  VG UUID               4VU5Jr-gwOq-jkga-sUPx-vWPu-PmYm-dZH9EO
# �򥻤W�A�����a�I�o�˴N�i�H�⴫��� VG ���j�p�ڡI

[root@www ~]# lvcreate [-L N[mgt]] [-n LV�W��] VG�W��
[root@www ~]# lvcreate [-l N] [-n LV�W��] VG�W��
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
-L  �G�᭱���e�q�A�e�q�����i�H�O M,G,T ���A�n�`�N���O�A�̤p��쬰 PE�A
      �]���o�Ӽƶq�����n�O PE �����ơA�Y���۲šA�t�η|�ۦ�p��̬۪񪺮e�q�C
-l  �G�᭱�i�H�� PE ���y�Ӽơz�A�Ӥ��O�ƶq�C�Y�n�o�򰵡A�o�n�ۦ�p�� PE �ơC
-n  �G�᭱�����N�O LV ���W�ٰաI
��h���������ӥi�H�ۦ�d�\�a�I man lvcreate 

# 1. �N��� vbirdvg �q�q���t�� vbirdlv �ڡA�n�`�N�A PE �@�� 356 �ӡC
[root@www ~]# lvcreate -l 356 -n vbirdlv vbirdvg
  Logical volume "vbirdlv" created
# �ѩ󥻮רҤ��C�� PE �� 16M �A�]���W�z�����O�]�i�H�ϥΦp�U���覡�ӫإߡG
# lvcreate -L 5.56G -n vbirdlv vbirdvg

[root@www ~]# ll /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 Mar 11 16:49 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv ->
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
# �ݨ��F�S���ڡI�o�N�O�ڭ̳̭��n���@�Ӫ��N��F�I

[root@www ~]# lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Name                /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv  <==�o�Ӥ~�O LV �����W�I
  VG Name                vbirdvg
  LV UUID                8vFOPG-Jrw0-Runh-ug24-t2j7-i3nA-rPEyq0
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                5.56 GB               <==�o�� LV ���e�q�o��j�I
  Current LE             356
  Segments               4
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:0

# 1. �榡�ơB�����P�[��ڭ̪� LV �a�I
[root@www ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv <==�`�N LV ���W�I
[root@www ~]# mkdir /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2              9920624   3858984   5549572  42% /
/dev/hda3              4956316   1056996   3643488  23% /home
/dev/hda1               101086     21408     74459  23% /boot
tmpfs                   371332         0    371332   0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
                       5741020    142592   5306796   3% /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# cp -a /etc /var/log /mnt/lvm

# 1. �B�z�X�@�� 3GB ���s�� partition �A�b�������t�Τ����ӬO /dev/hda10
[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hda <==��L���ʧ@�Цۦ�B�z
[root@www ~]# partprobe
[root@www ~]# fdisk -l
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
....(�����ٲ�)....
/dev/hda10           2785        3150     2939863+  8e  Linux LVM
# �o�ӴN�O�ڭ̭n���s�� partition �o�I

# 2. �إ߷s�� PV�G
[root@www ~]# pvcreate /dev/hda10
  Physical volume "/dev/hda10" successfully created
[root@www ~]# pvscan
  PV /dev/hda6    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda7    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda8    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda9    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda10                lvm2 [2.80 GB]
  Total: 5 [8.37 GB] / in use: 4 [5.56 GB] / in no VG: 1 [2.80 GB]
# �i�H�ݨ� /dev/hda10 �O�s�[�J�åB�|���Q�ϥΪ���I

# 3. �[�j VG �A�Q�� vgextend �\��I
[root@www ~]# vgextend vbirdvg /dev/hda10
  Volume group "vbirdvg" successfully extended
[root@www ~]# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vbirdvg
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        5
  Metadata Sequence No  4
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                1
  Open LV               1
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                5
  Act PV                5
  VG Size               8.36 GB
  PE Size               16.00 MB
  Total PE              535
  Alloc PE / Size       356 / 5.56 GB
  Free  PE / Size       179 / 2.80 GB
  VG UUID               4VU5Jr-gwOq-jkga-sUPx-vWPu-PmYm-dZH9EO
# �������� VG �ܤj�F�I�ӥB�Ѿl�� PE �@�� 179 �ӡA�e�q�h�� 2.80G

# 4. ��j LV �a�I�Q�� lvresize ���\��ӼW�[�I
[root@www ~]# lvresize -l +179 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
  Extending logical volume vbirdlv to 8.36 GB
  Logical volume vbirdlv successfully resized
# �o�˴N�W�[�F LV �F��Ilvresize ���y�k��²��A�򥻤W�P�˳z�L -l �� -L �ӼW�[�I
# �Y�n�W�[�h�ϥ� + �A�Y�n��֫h�ϥ� - �I�ԲӪ��ﶵ�аѦ� man lvresize �o�I

[root@www ~]# lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Name                /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
  VG Name                vbirdvg
  LV UUID                8vFOPG-Jrw0-Runh-ug24-t2j7-i3nA-rPEyq0
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                8.36 GB
  Current LE             535
  Segments               5
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:0

[root@www ~]# df /mnt/lvm
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
                       5741020    261212   5188176   5% /mnt/lvm

# 5.1 ���ݤ@�U�쥻���ɮרt�Τ��� superblock �O�����p�a�I
[root@www ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
dumpe2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
....(�����ٲ�)....
Block count:              1458176    <==�o��filesystem�� block �`��
....(�����ٲ�)....
Blocks per group:         32768      <==�h�֭� block �]�w�����@�� block group
Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767)            <==�A������ block �����X
....(�����ٲ�)....
Group 44: (Blocks 1441792-1458175)   <==�o�O���t�Τ��̫�@�� group
....(�᭱�ٲ�)....

# 5.2 resize2fs ���y�k
[root@www ~]# resize2fs [-f] [device] [size]
�ﶵ�P�ѼơG
-f      �G�j��i�� resize ���ʧ@�I
[device]�G�˸m���ɮצW�١F
[size]  �G�i�H�[�]�i�H���[�C�p�G�[�W size ���ܡA����N�����n�����@�ӳ��A
          Ĵ�p M, G �����C�p�G�S�� size ���ܡA����w�]�ϥΡy��� partition�z
          ���e�q�ӳB�z�I

# 5.3 ���㪺�N LV ���e�q�X�R���� filesystem �a�I
[root@www ~]# resize2fs /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem at /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv is mounted on /mnt/lvm; on-line resizing 
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv to 2191360 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv is now 2191360 blocks long.
# �i�ȧa�I�o�@���� lvm ���M�٥i�H�u�W�i�� resize ���\����I�u�n�I

[root@www ~]# df /mnt/lvm
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
                       8628956    262632   7931368   4% /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/lvm
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x  17 root root  4096 Mar 11 14:17 log
drwx------   2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
# ���ƻs�i�h����ƥi�٬O�s�b����I�èS�����������I

# 1. ����X /dev/hda6 ���e�q�j�p�A�ù��խp���ɮרt�λ��Y�p��h��
[root@www ~]# pvdisplay
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/hda6
  VG Name               vbirdvg
  PV Size               1.40 GB / not usable 11.46 MB
  Allocatable           yes (but full)
  PE Size (KByte)       16384
  Total PE              89
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          89
  PV UUID               Z13Jk5-RCls-UJ8B-HzDa-Gesn-atku-rf2biN
# �q�o�̥i�H�ݥX /dev/hda6 ���h�j�A�ӥB�t�� 89 �� PE ���q��I
# ���p�G�n�ϥ� resize2fs �ɡA�h�`�q��h 1.40GB �N��F�I

[root@www ~]# pvscan
  PV /dev/hda6    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda7    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda8    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda9    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda10   VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [2.80 GB / 0    free]
  Total: 5 [8.36 GB] / in use: 5 [8.36 GB] / in no VG: 0 [0   ]
# �q�W���i�H�o�{�p�G���� /dev/hda6 �h�Ѿl�e�q���G1.39*3+2.8=6.97

# 2. �N�������C�ɮרt�Ϊ��e�q�a�I
[root@www ~]# resize2fs /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv 6900M
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem at /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv is mounted on /mnt/lvm; on-line resizing
On-line shrinking from 2191360 to 1766400 not supported.
# �e�q�n��������g�p���I��ơA�]�� 6.9G �O���~���A�����N�ϥ� 6900M �F�C
# ���~�A��j�i�H�u�W�����i��A�Y�p�ɮרt�Φ��G�L�k�䴩�I�ҥH�n�o�˰��G

[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# resize2fs /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv 6900M
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Please run 'e2fsck -f /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv' first.
# �L�n�ڭ̥��i��Ϻ��ˬd�I���o���I���N�����i��a�I

[root@www ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv: 2438/1087008 files (0.1% non-contiguous), 

[root@www ~]# resize2fs /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv 6900M
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv to 1766400 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv is now 1766400 blocks long.
# �A�� resize2fs �@���N������\�F�I�p�W�ҥܰڡI

[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/lvm
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
                       6955584    262632   6410328   4% /mnt/lvm

# 3. ���C LV ���e�q�A�P�ɧڭ̪��D /dev/hda6 �� 89 �� PE
[root@www ~]# lvresize -l -89 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
  WARNING: Reducing active and open logical volume to 6.97 GB
  THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce vbirdlv? [y/n]: y
  Reducing logical volume vbirdlv to 6.97 GB
  Logical volume vbirdlv successfully resized
# �|��ĵ�i�T���I���O�ڭ̪���ڸ�ƶq�٬O�� 6.97G �p�A�ҥH�N y �U�h�a�I

[root@www ~]# lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Name                /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
  VG Name                vbirdvg
  LV UUID                8vFOPG-Jrw0-Runh-ug24-t2j7-i3nA-rPEyq0
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                6.97 GB
  Current LE             446
  Segments               5
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:0

# 4.1 ���T�{ /dev/hda6 �O�_�N PE �������F�I
[root@www ~]# pvdisplay
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/hda6
  VG Name               vbirdvg
  PV Size               1.40 GB / not usable 11.46 MB
  Allocatable           yes (but full)
  PE Size (KByte)       16384
  Total PE              89
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          89
  PV UUID               Z13Jk5-RCls-UJ8B-HzDa-Gesn-atku-rf2biN
....(�����ٲ�)....

  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/hda10
  VG Name               vbirdvg
  PV Size               2.80 GB / not usable 6.96 MB
  Allocatable           yes
  PE Size (KByte)       16384
  Total PE              179
  Free PE               89
  Allocated PE          90
  PV UUID               7MfcG7-y9or-0Jmb-H7RO-5Pa5-D3qB-G426Vq
# �d�F�ѥb�ѡA�S���Q�ϥΪ� PE ���M�b /dev/hda10 �I���ɱo�n�h�� PE �o�I

[root@www ~]# pvmove /dev/hda6 /dev/hda10
# pvmove �ӷ�PV �ؼ�PV �A�i�H�N /dev/hda6 ���� PE �q�q���ʨ� /dev/hda10
# �|���Q�ϥΪ� PE �h (Free PE)�C

# 4.2 �N /dev/hda6 ���X vbirdvg ���I
[root@www ~]# vgreduce vbirdvg /dev/hda6
  Removed "/dev/hda6" from volume group "vbirdvg"

[root@www ~]# pvscan
  PV /dev/hda7    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda8    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda9    VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda10   VG vbirdvg   lvm2 [2.80 GB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/hda6                 lvm2 [1.40 GB]
  Total: 5 [8.37 GB] / in use: 4 [6.97 GB] / in no VG: 1 [1.40 GB]

[root@www ~]# pvremove /dev/hda6
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda6" successfully wiped

# 1. ���[�� VG �ٳѤU�h�ֳѾl�e�q
[root@www ~]# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vbirdvg
....(��L�ٲ�)....
  VG Size               6.97 GB
  PE Size               16.00 MB
  Total PE              446
  Alloc PE / Size       446 / 6.97 GB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0  <==�S���h�l�� PE �i�ΡI

# 2. �N��貾���� /dev/hda6 �[�J�o�� VG �a�I
[root@www ~]# pvcreate /dev/hda6
  Physical volume "/dev/hda6" successfully created
[root@www ~]# vgextend vbirdvg /dev/hda6
  Volume group "vbirdvg" successfully extended
[root@www ~]# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vbirdvg
....(��L�ٲ�)....
  VG Size               8.36 GB
  PE Size               16.00 MB
  Total PE              535
  Alloc PE / Size       446 / 6.97 GB
  Free  PE / Size       89 / 1.39 GB  <==�h�X�F 89 �� PE �i���o�I

# 3. �Q�� lvcreate �إߨt�ΧַӰϡA�ڭ̨��W�� vbirdss�A�B���� 60 �� PE
[root@www ~]# lvcreate -l 60 -s -n vbirdss /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
  Logical volume "vbirdss" created
# �W�z�����O���̭��n���O���� -s ���ﶵ�I�N���O snapshot �ַӥ\�ध�N�I
# -n �᭱���ַӰϪ��˸m�W�١A /dev/.... �h�O�n�Q�ַӪ� LV �����ɦW�C
# -l �᭱�h�O���ϥΦh�֭� PE �ӧ@���o�ӧַӰϨϥΡC

[root@www ~]# lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Name                /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
  VG Name                vbirdvg
  LV UUID                K2tJ5E-e9mI-89Gw-hKFd-4tRU-tRKF-oeB03a
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV snapshot status     active destination for /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                6.97 GB    <==�Q�ַӪ��� LV �ϺЮe�q
  Current LE             446
  COW-table size         960.00 MB  <==�ַӰϪ���ڮe�q
  COW-table LE           60         <==�ַӰϦ��Ϊ� PE �ƶq
  Allocated to snapshot  0.00%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:1

[root@www ~]# mkdir /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2              9920624   3859032   5549524  42% /
/dev/hda3              4956316   1056996   3643488  23% /home
/dev/hda1               101086     21408     74459  23% /boot
tmpfs                   371332         0    371332   0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
                       6955584    262632   6410328   4% /mnt/lvm
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdss
                       6955584    262632   6410328   4% /mnt/snapshot
# ���S���ݨ�I�o��өN�N���M�O�@�Ҥ@�˳�I�ڭ̮ڥ��S���ʹL
# /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss ��a�I���L�o�̭��|�D�ʰO���� vbirdlv �����e�I

[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/snapshot
# �̫�N�L�����I�ڭ̷dzƨӪ������쪺�F��I

# 1. ���N�쥻�� /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv ���e�@���ܧ�A�W�W���@�ǥؿ��a�I
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/lvm
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
                       6955584    262632   6410328   4% /mnt/lvm

[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/lvm
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x  17 root root  4096 Mar 11 14:17 log
drwx------   2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found

[root@www ~]# rm -r /mnt/lvm/log
[root@www ~]# cp -a /boot /lib /sbin /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/lvm
drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Dec 15 16:28 boot
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x  14 root root  4096 Sep  5  2008 lib
drwx------   2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Sep  5  2008 sbin
# �ݰ_�Ӹ�Ƥw�g���@�ˤF�I

[root@www ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Name                /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
  VG Name                vbirdvg
....(�����ٲ�)....
  Allocated to snapshot  12.22%
....(���U�ٲ�)....
# �q�o�̤]�ݱo�X�ӡA�ַӰϤw�g�Q�ϥΤF 12.22% �I�]����l���ɮרt�Φ����ʹL�I

# 2. �Q�ΧַӰϱN�쥻�� filesystem �ƥ�
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
                       6955584    370472   6302488   6% /mnt/lvm
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdss
                       6955584    262632   6410328   4% /mnt/snapshot
# �ݧa�I��̽T�ꤣ�@�ˤF�I�}�l�N�ַӰϤ��e�ƻs�X�ӧa�I

[root@www ~]# mkdir -p /backups <==�T�{�u�����o�ӥؿ��I
[root@www ~]# cd /mnt/snapshot
[root@www snapshot]# tar -jcv -f /backups/lvm.tar.bz2 *
# ���ɧA�N�|���@�ӳƥ���ơA��Y�O /backups/lvm.tar.bz2 �F�I

# 3. �N vbirdss �����ò��� (�]���̭������e�w�g�ƥ��_�ӤF)
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# lvremove /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
Do you really want to remove active logical volume "vbirdss"? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "vbirdss" successfully removed

[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# tar -jxv -f /backups/lvm.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/lvm
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x  17 root root  4096 Mar 11 14:17 log
drwx------   2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
# �O�_�P�̪쪺���e�ۦP�ڡI�o�N�O�z�L�ַӨ��٭쪺�@��²�檺��k�o�I

# 1. �إߤ@�Ӥj�@�Ǫ��ַӰϡA���ڭ̱N /dev/hda6 �� PE �������ַӰϡI
[root@www ~]# lvcreate -s -l 89 -n vbirdss /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
  Logical volume "vbirdss" created

[root@www ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Name                /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
  VG Name                vbirdvg
  LV UUID                as0ocQ-KjRS-Bu7y-fYoD-1CHC-0V3Y-JYsjj1
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV snapshot status     active destination for /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                6.97 GB
  Current LE             446
  COW-table size         1.39 GB
  COW-table LE           89
  Allocated to snapshot  0.00%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:1
# �p��I�o�ӧַӰϤ��p�a�I

# 2. ���� vbirdlv ���� vbirdss
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/snapshot
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdss
                       7192504    265804   6561340   4% /mnt/snapshot

# 3. �}�l�c�d�I
[root@www ~]# rm -r /mnt/snapshot/etc /mnt/snapshot/log
[root@www ~]# cp -a /boot /lib /sbin /mnt/snapshot/
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/snapshot
drwxr-xr-x  4 root root  4096 Dec 15 16:28 boot
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root  4096 Sep  5  2008 lib
drwx------  2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 12288 Sep  5  2008 sbin  <==�P�쥻��Ʀ��t���F

[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/lvm
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x  17 root root  4096 Mar 11 14:17 log
drwx------   2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
# ���קA�b�ַӰϴc�dԣ�N�N�A�쥻�� vbirdlv �̭�����Ʀw�n�p��ڡI
# ���]�A�N vbirdss �d��F�I�̭�����Ƥ��A�ݭn�I���Ӧp��O�n�H

# 4. �٭�쥻�ַӰϪ���ơA�^��P���ɮרt�άۦP����T
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# lvremove /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
Do you really want to remove active logical volume "vbirdss"? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "vbirdss" successfully removed

[root@www ~]# lvcreate -s -l 89 -n vbirdss /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/snapshot
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x  17 root root  4096 Mar 11 14:17 log
drwx------   2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
# ��Ƴo�˴N�_��F�I

[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# lvremove /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss  <==���B�z�ַ�
Do you really want to remove active logical volume "vbirdss"? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "vbirdss" successfully removed
[root@www ~]# lvremove /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv  <==�A�B�z��t��
Do you really want to remove active logical volume "vbirdlv"? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "vbirdlv" successfully removed

[root@www ~]# vgchange -a n vbirdvg
  0 logical volume(s) in volume group "vbirdvg" now active

[root@www ~]# vgremove vbirdvg
  Volume group "vbirdvg" successfully removed

[root@www ~]# pvremove /dev/hda{6,7,8,9,10}
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda6" successfully wiped
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda7" successfully wiped
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda8" successfully wiped
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda9" successfully wiped
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda10" successfully wiped